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Title
A name given to the resource
Connecting the Medieval to New England
Still Image
Catalog Entry
The heroic figure defending the downtrodden is available in most cultures. With the omnipresent threat of violence and invasion by outside forces and religions, the Middle Ages were a time fraught with peril. Because of this, society became fixated on the heroic feats of those believed to be ordained by God to deliver salvation. During the Middle Ages, the hero is a commonly seen figure in religious, literary, and historical contexts. <br /><br />The Old English tale of <em>Judith</em> is an epic story of a fearless Hebrew leader putting herself in harm's way in order to save her people. The titular character Judith is the de-facto leader of the Hebrew city of Bethulia. The lone city is besieged by an Assyrian army led by the evil general Holofernes. Going alone to the enemy encampment, Judith prays to the Almighty for the strength to decapitate the sinful Holofernes. Judith's accomplishments inspire her people to fight back and eventually eliminate the Assyrian army. Judith is noteworthy not only for being an example of a female hero in Old English literature, but also for being a symbol of religious protection. <br /><br />However, tales of a divine heroine fighting for the justice of her people are not exclusive to literature, as the historical figure Joan of Arc shares an uncanny number of similarities to fictional heroes. Joan of Arc believed that she received a premonition from God compelling her to take up arms against the English armies. Inspiring her fellow soldiers, Joan of Arc became a hero to the French and eventually succeeded in liberating Orleans. Joan of Arc, despite waging a war, remained faithful to her belief in God. In some instances, for example, she allowed English soldiers to retreat on a Sunday instead of killing them. Despite eventually being executed by the English, Joan of Arc became a martyr for the French cause and lived on as an icon. <br /><br />Similarly, community leaders in religious circles are often seen as heroes for their ability to help those around them. In Worcester, Massachusetts, early Italian immigrants faced ostracism by the Irish community due to having to share mass with the Irish Catholics at Saint Stephens Church. The Italians would need their own church in order to continue worshipping in their native tongue. Though an attempt to create an Italian parish started in 1890, it was eventually abandoned due to financial complications. In 1904, the project was revived by Monseigneur Gioachino Maffei, who would later become a spiritual leader for the Italian community in Worcester. By 1906, the “Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church” was officially opene and stood as a welcoming place for Italian Catholics. <br /><br />Unfortunately, this historic parish and spiritual pillar of the Worcester community faces possible demolition in the near future. Since 2016, the church has been officially closed due to structural damages it received while being right next to Interstate 290. Repair costs range in the millions, and the property is on sale and currently still looking for a buyer.<br /><br />On a surface level, <em>Judith</em>, the story of Joan of Arc, and the church “Our Lady of Mt. Carmel” are clearly different, as Monseigneur Maffei building a church and Judith decapitating Holofernes should be quite obviously unrelated. While heroic figures can take many different forms, they all encompass a desire for protection and justice. The Italian parish of Worcester serves just as much as an icon as the monuments of Joan of Arc or the literary exploits of Judith.
Bibliography
"Archive of Most Endangered Historic Resources." <em>Preservation Massaachusetts, </em>2016, http://www.preservationmass.org/archive.<br /><br />“Joan of Arc.” <em>Biography.com,</em> 28 Apr. 2017, biography.com/people/joan-of-arc-9354756.<br /><br />Lucas, Peter J. “Judith and the Woman Hero.” <em>The Yearbook of English Studies,</em> vol. 22, 1992, pp. 17-27. <em>JSTOR, </em>jstor.org/stable/3508373.
Photographer(s)
Kisha G. Tracy
Jon Jones, Adult Learning in the Fitchburg Area (ALFA)
Catalog Entry Author(s)
Jacob Meck, Student, Fitchburg State University
Research Assistant(s)
Chaz Deveney, Student, Fitchburg State University
Accessible Description of Image(s)
First image: Joan of Arc is standing tall and staring off in the distance with a serious expression. She is wearing metal armor that is blue and gold. There is gold detailing on the armor including a sword located in the center of her chest on a blue hexagon. The background is dark and looks like it may be a building. Joan is the focus of the image.
Description by: Laura Hildick, Student, Fitchburg State University
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Poitiers, France - Statue of Saint Joan of Arc (Église Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand); Worcester, MA - Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church
british literature I fall 2017
church
FAMExhibition
france
hammondexhibition
judith
massachusetts
middle ages fall 2017
religion
statue
women
worcester
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
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Connecting the Medieval to New England
Still Image
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The statue of Boudicca in London, England is in memoriam of the great Celtic queen of the Iceni tribe, who led a revolt against Rome after they removed her tribe’s status as allies and took her husband’s land after his death. Her objections to these actions were met with a flogging and the raping of her two daughters. Her revolt had her tearing Roman cities apart, leaving 80,000 Roman citizens dead before she was defeated. <br /><br /> A little closer to home, the Anne Hutchinson statue in Boston, Massachusetts was built to honor the bravery of Anne Hutchinson, a woman who was willing to express her own religious beliefs and challenge the sexism that held her to a submissive role. This led to her being banished from the community of Puritan Massachusetts; she then moved to the colony that is now known as Portsmouth, Rhode Island only to be killed by the Native Americans known as the Siwanoy alongside most of her children. <br /><br /> Judith was the young Hebrew woman who stood up on behalf of her people at Bethulia when an army arrived to conquer the land. Using her wits and beauty, Judith maneuvered her way to Holofernes, the leader of the army, and beheaded him in his sleep. This lead to her people rising up and taking back their land and Judith heralded as a hero.
Bibliography
<p><span class="TF"><span class="tf">Ades, David. "Boudicca."<i> Social Alternatives</i>, vol. 29, no. 1, 2010, pp. 48<i>, ProQuest Central</i>, https://web.fitchburgstate.edu:2443/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/213966314?accountid=10896.</span></span></p>
<p>McGunigal, Lisa. "The criminal trial of Anne Hutchinson: ritual, religion, and law." Mosaic: An interdisciplinary critical journal, vol. 49, no. 2, 2016, p. 149. General OneFile, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A462327512/ITOF?u=mlin_c_fitchcol&sid=ITOF&xid=75f74d22. <br /><br />Potter, T W. You Are Looking For. Oxford University Press, 23 Sept. 2004, ds5tw8cn5h.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.title=Oxford%2BDictionary%2Bof%2BNational%2BBiography&rft.au=T.%2BW.%2BPotter&rft.atitle=Boudicca&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft.pub=Oxford%2BUniversity%2BPress&rft.isbn=019861411X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2732&rft.externalDocID=10_1093_ref_odnb_2732¶mdict=en-US. <br /><span class="TF"><span class="tf"> </span></span></p>
Photographer(s)
Kisha G. Tracy
Catalog Entry Author(s)
Charles Gomez, Student, Fitchburg State University
Research Assistant(s)
Megan Burnap, Student, Fitchburg State University
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
London, UK - Statue of Boudicca; Boston, MA - Statue of Anne Hutchinson
british literature I fall 2017
england
FAMExhibition
judith
massachusetts
middle ages fall 2017
photography ii fall 2017
statue
women
-
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Connecting the Medieval to New England
Still Image
Catalog Entry
The Mappa Mundi is a 14th-century map that depicts the known world during the year 1300. Regions marked on the map include Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and certain expanses of Asia. The map was crafted in England and is preserved to this day in the English city of Hereford. One interesting aspect around this map is the theory scholars have developed that the cartographer never left England. Due to this the map is not seen as an accurate geographical representation of the land. Instead it is seen as a representation of the land based off of the cartographer's knowledge of religious texts and myths. Obviously, this meant the map was never actually used for navigation. <br /><br />This division between culture and geography is the primary theme that connects the map to the Andlo-Saxon text <em>Judith. </em>The idea of distant lands as dangerous is seen in these two pieces. The authors were well-versed in their cultural norms close to where they existed, but, instead of being able to travel outside to these “dangerous” areas, they based their geography on the locations as they were described in texts they read. The Mappa Mundi creator likely never left England once in his whole life. <em>Judith</em>'s antagonist Holofernes is an Assyrian. Judith's knowledge of Assyria and Babylon were a stylized depiction based on legends, rather than geographical and historical facts. <br /><br />Along with the theme stated above, another key similarity between Mappa Mundi and Judith is the obvious connection of having anonymous creators. <br /><br />My local connection to Judith and the Mappa Mundi is a map depicting the aerial view of Cape Cod. The map is held in the Nina Heald Webber Cape Cod Canal collection. Like the Mappa Mundi, it is undated, making an estimated origin date difficult to determine. <br /><br />The world outside of your home town or village was a scary and dangerous place and not too many people were brave enough to adventure out and comprehend everything else the world has to offer. They had to rely on information gathered from others to create objects that in return would help even more people develop knowledge.
Bibliography
Denholm-Young, N. “The Mappa Mundi of Richard of Haldingham at Hereford.” <em>Speculum</em>, vol. 32, no. 2, 1957, pp. 307–314. <br /><br />Terkla, Dan. “The Original Placement of the Hereford Mappa Mundi.” <em>Imago Mundi,</em> vol. 56, no. 2, 2004, pp. 131–151.<br /><br />“The Opening of the Cape Cod Canal.” <em>Bulletin of the American Geographical Society</em>, vol. 46, no. 11, 1914, pp. 832–834.
Photographer(s)
Kisha G. Tracy
Catalog Entry Author(s)
Kevin Sim, Student, Fitchburg State University
Research Assistant(s)
Nick Elliott, Student, Fitchburg State University
Accessible Description of Image(s)
First image: This picture depicts a medieval map. The picture zooms in and focuses on a specific portion of the map. The map is on brown, coffee-colored material. There are words on it in written language. A drawn road connects a small tower to the image of a large castle. There also appears to be some words on the map that reference place names.
Description by; Louise Symonds, Student, Fitchburg State University
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Hereford, UK - Mappa Mundi; Boston, MA - Cape Cod Map, Nina Heald Webber Cape Cod Canal Collection (Historic New England)
artifact
babylon
british literature I fall 2017
england
judith
maps
massachusetts
middle ages fall 2017
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Connecting the Medieval to New England
Still Image
Catalog Entry
In the image of the Madonna and the lily, the image is focused on the flower, and you can see the blurry outline of Madonna in the background. This image reflects and represents the story of <em>Judith</em> in many ways. Judith is described as “brilliant” and “radiant” (118), meaning she is beyond beautiful. The story also depicts Judith as extremely “wise” and “holy” (119). Judith becomes a female heroine in the story because her action to save her people was in the name of God. She wanted to rid her people of the leader of the Assyrian army Holofernes' power over and killing of the Hebrew people. Holofernes was an “evil doer…[and] a cruel prince, oppressing men…” (119). Judith’s goal is essentially to save her people. She devises a plan to get into Holofernes' room and decapitate him. Judith left the Assyrians leaderless, and they were ultimately defeated. Judith committed those actions under God and in order to save the Hebrews from being killed, and throughout this story she remains a female heroine. The focus of the photo is on the beautiful lily and viewers may overlook the Madonna in the background, just as Judith was hidden behind her beauty. She is seen only for her looks and not for her power and faith in God, and this image shows how the Madonna and Judith have more aspects in common than most people may think. This image can be connected to Judith because although she does represent beauty, like the lily, but she also represents the holiness and strength of the Madonna. <br /><br />The Virgin Mary shrine connects to both the image of Madonna and the lily as well as the story of Judith. Madonna is another name for the Virgin Mary, mother of God. The Virgin Mary statue in Clinton is enclosed in a structure to protect and preserve the condition for years to come. However, the shrine is evidently weathered. The outward appearance of the Virgin Mary connects with Judith because they are viewed and judged based on what they look like from the outside. The weathered shrine, because of its appearance, makes many people overlook such a beautiful representation of the Virgin Mary. Unfortunately, people will see the outward appearance and care little about the old, falling apart statue. However, until viewers realize that it represents a woman who was exponentially holy and possessed a beautiful spirit in the name of God, then they will not truly understand how these images and the story connect. This is similar to how viewers may only view the beautiful flower in the Madonna and the lily image. It is important to view every aspect of an image in order to realize that details may be hidden in the background or underneath weathered statues. Lastly, the shrine is covered and protected by a structure that houses the Virgin Mary. Judith uses her faith and love of God to defeat her enemies. She prayed and worshipped to him daily and that gave her strength. The structure surrounding and covering the Virgin Mary shrine can be viewed as God’s love and support protecting and keeping her safe. <br /><br />Author and speaker Matt Fradd explains how Mary, the Madonna and Judith might have more than being holy and powerful maidens of the Lord. Fradd explains how “each crushed the head of the enemy king” (Fradd). Judith beheaded Holofernes and saved the Hebrew people, and apparently Mary crushed the head of Satan, although some speculate this is inaccurate and false because only God could possibly eliminate Satan. However, Fradd explains its possibility by stating, "it is precisely because of her unique role in salvation history that we can say of [Mary], in a way that we can’t of others, that the God of peace crushed Satan under her feet” (Fradd). Furthermore, the images and the text depict the presence of God protecting and supporting Judith, the Madonna, and the Virgin Mary. Benedikt Otzen compares Judith to the Old Testament. He focuses on the theme that "Judith is the struggle between the God of Israel and the heathen king usurping the place of God” (Otzen 101). He focuses much on the religious aspect of the story and how Judith was successfully heroic due to her faith in God. Once viewers realize that the images contain representations of Mary, it makes it easier to understand how God clearly connects these powerful women.
Bibliography
Black, Joseph, et al, eds. <em>The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Medieval Period, Volume 1.</em> 3rd ed., Broadview, 2015.<br /><br />Fradd, Matt. <em>What do Jael, Judith, and Mary Have in Common. Apologetics.</em> mattfradd.com/what-do-jael-judith-and-mary-have-in-common/. <br /><br />Otzen, Benedikt. <em>Tobit and Judith</em>. Sheffield Academic Press, 2002.
Photographer(s)
Kisha G. Tracy
Hannah Geiger, Student, Fitchburg State University
Catalog Entry Author(s)
Tatyana D'Agostino, Student, Fitchburg State University
Research Assistant(s)
Aaron Canterbury, Student, Fitchburg State University
Dublin Core
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Chiusdino, Italy - Madonna Statue (Abbazia di San Galgano); Clinton, MA - Private Mary Shrine
british literature I fall 2017
FAMExhibition
hammondexhibition
italy
judith
massachusetts
middle ages fall 2017
photography ii fall 2017
statue
women