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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Connecting the Medieval to New England
Still Image
Catalog Entry
<p>There is a Nordic burial mound overlooking the city of Aalborg, Denmark, known as Lindholm Høje. The use of this mound began near the Germanic Iron Age in the 5th century CE. Burial began at the top of the mound with the buried working their way down the hill. The graves found closer to the base of the mound have been dated to the Viking Age, around 1000 CE. Those who were buried during the Viking Age were cremated before burial, while those towards the top of the hill were interred whole and unburned. The site was covered by sand drift in the 11th century, which is how the stones markings have been preserved.</p>
<p>Excavation of the mound has discovered over 600 burial sites, many of which have been marked with stones in the general shape of a ship. Other stones have been arranged in circular formations where the remains of women have been found. The nearby museum depicts the lives of those who settled in Lindholm in both the Iron and Viking Ages.<br /><br />One of the most well-known burial depictions in the English language can be found in <em>Beowulf</em>. The final act of the epic shows the defeat of a mighty dragon by the hand of then King Beowulf. However, the king is wounded and, while he does not request it, he is buried with the dragon hoard: “Order my troop to construct a barrow on a headland on the coast, after my pyre has cooled” (ll. 2802-2803). Much like the Viking Age graves, the mythical king was cremated before being interred with his hard-won dragon gold underneath a mound. While we obviously can’t see the gold of Beowulf, the Lindholm Høje Museum displays artifacts that have been found within the excavated graves.<br /><br />For more on cemeteries and burials, see the entry on <a href="https://culturalheritagethroughimage.omeka.net/exhibits/show/hammond-museum/item/10">Gorms Høj in Jelling, Denmark</a>. </p>
Photographer(s)
Kisha G. Tracy
Bibliography
<p>Beard, David. “Viking Archaeology.”<em>Archeology in Europe</em>, viking.archeurope.info/index.php?page=lindholm-hoje.</p>
<p>Heaney, Seamus, trans. <em>Beowulf: A New Verse Translation</em>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001.</p>
<p>“Lindholm Høje Museet.” <em>Nordjyllands Historiske Museum</em>, nordmus.dk/en/u/lindholm-hoeje-museet-2/.</p>
<p>“Lindholm Høje Museum.” <em>VisitDenmark</em>, www.visitdenmark.fr/danemark/planifiez-votre-voyage/lindholm-hoje-museet-gdk596168.</p>
<p> “Lindholm Høje.”<em> VisitAalborg</em>, www.visitaalborg.com/aalborg/plan-your-trip/lindholm-hoje-gdk596081.</p>
Catalog Entry Author(s)
Sarah Rose Maeve, Alum, Fitchburg State University
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Aalborg, Denmark - Lindholm Høje
denmark
grave
viking
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Connecting the Medieval to New England
Still Image
Catalog Entry
<p>Giovanni Boccaccio is the author of the famous <em>Decameron</em>. He was born in 1313 in Certaldo or Florence, Italy; the exact location is unknown. He died December 21st, 1375. His gravestone is located inside the Church of Saints Jacob and Filippo in Certaldo, Italy. After the death of his father and stepmother due to the plague, Boccaccio began the composition of the <em>Decameron</em>. In the <em>Decameron</em>, Boccaccio focuses on numerous ideas throughout, but one specific idea is the focus on fortune and disability in Day 2, Story 1. Day 2, Story 1 is a story about a man named Martellino, who pretends to be visibly crippled in order to enter a heavily-packed church of a saint who has just deceased. Everyone makes a pathway for Martellino in order for him to be ‘healed’ by the saint for his disability, but someone in the crowd notices him and everyone starts to kick and fight him for lying about his disability. <br /><br />Joseph Palmer was born in 1789 in a village between Leominster and Fitchburg, Massachusetts. He was persecuted at the age of forty because of his beard. Palmer died in 1873. This persecution made such an impact on his life and is so widely known that it is engraved on his gravestone. Boccaccio also has writing on his gravestone, which he composed himself before he died. Palmer was persecuted because in the year 1830 citizens went as far as attacking Palmer with razor blades outside of a hotel in an attempt to cut off his beard. Palmer defended himself, rightfully so, and was sent to Worcester County Jail. During this time period, beards were considered the mark of lunatics. It is interesting how going against the social norms and having a beard enraged people enough to attack him and try to cut off his beard. Palmer was also attacked while in jail and continuously defended himself; they placed him in solitary confinement numerous times. During the Medieval period, disability was sometimes something that needed correction or needed to be cured. It is also known for using the “religious model,” which replaces medicine with religion. <br /><br />The connection Palmer and the character Martellino in the <em>Decameron</em> is how both were attacked due to not following social norms, but there are complex differences in their situations. In the <em>Decameron</em>, Martellino is only attacked because he lied about his disability; the civilians wanted Martellino to be healed. They wanted Martellino to be healed because it goes against the social norm during that time period of accepting someone who is a cripple. They relied on religion as medicine in order to change that. Their beliefs in this method were very strong, so the fact that someone would mock their beliefs and not respect the process they believed in was problematic. In Joseph Palmer’s case, not only was he considered to be a lunatic just because of his long facial hair, he was also accused of communing with the devil by his local preacher. It is interesting how hundreds of years later you can still be attacked for not following the social norms of the time period and how society takes action into their own hands in order to correct what they believe to be wrong, even authorities.</p>
Bibliography
“Certaldo.” Giovanni Boccaccio, www.certaldo-info.com/giovanni_boccaccio.htm. “Decameron Web.” <em>Decameron Web | Boccaccio</em>, www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/boccaccio/life1_en.php. <br /><br />“Disability in the Medieval Period.” <em>Rooted in Rights</em>, www.rootedinrights.org/disability-in-the-medieval-period/. <br /><br />“Joseph Palmer: The Eccentric War Veteran Who Was Sent to Jail for Wearing a Beard.” <em>The Vintage News,</em> 24 Nov. 2017, m.thevintagenews.com/2017/11/24/the-man-who-was-sent-to-jail-for-wearing-a-beard/. <br /><br />Landrigan, Leslie. “Joseph Palmer Persecuted for Wearing a Beard.” <em>New England Historical Society</em>, 26 May 2017, www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/joseph-palmer-persecuted-wearing-beard/. <br /><br />“Remembering One Hero's Fight Against Anti-Beardism.” <em>Atlas Obscura</em>, Atlas Obscura, 14 Apr. 2015, www.atlasobscura.com/places/grave-of-joseph-palmer.<br /><br />Wheatley, Edward. "Cripping the Middle Ages, Medievalizing Disability Theory." <em>Stumbling Blocks Before the Blind: Medieval Constructions of a Disability. </em>University of Michigan Press, 2010. pp. 1-25, https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ofb5TWuJPoC&lpg=PR1&ots=rdboMV3bRw&dq=Stumbling+Blocks+Before+the+Blind+wheatley&lr=&pg=PR1&hl=en#v=twopage&q&f=false.
Photographer(s)
Kisha G. Tracy
Madison Whitten, Student, Fitchburg State University
Catalog Entry Author(s)
Courtney Jensen, Student, Fitchburg State University
Research Assistant(s)
Madison Dalmaso, Student, Fitchburg State University
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Certaldo, Italy - Giovanni Boccaccio Grave (Chiesa dei Santi Jacopo e Filippo); Leominster, MA - Joseph Palmer Grave (Evergreen Cemetery)
author
boccaccio
british literature I fall 2017
cemetery
church
disability
FAMExhibition
fitchburg
grave
hammondexhibition
italy
massachusetts
middle ages fall 2017
photography ii fall 2017
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Connecting the Medieval to New England
Still Image
Catalog Entry
Forest Hill Cemetery, found in the city of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, is recognizable by its rolling green hills, large number of head stones and burial sites, and wide open landscape. It was first established in 1856 and was designed by the architect Amasa Farrier. It is also well-known for its prominence of military members who are buried on the site as well as various ethnicities including French, English, Irish, German, Greek, Hispanic, and more. Mt. Elam Road, the road where the cemetery resides, also has significant historical value for the city. According to the Fitchburg Reconnaissance Report this road was first built in order to be a "designated scenic road" and also connects to downtown Fitchburg as well as Route 2. The geology of the city also plays an important role to Forest Hill Cemetery. Perhaps the most striking aspect of these burial grounds is the rise and fall of the hills on the property. The Fitchburg Reconnaissance Report says that, during the ice age, ice settled in the area and helped to create the "bowl shaped area" as well as the steep hills found in the city and in the cemetery. It is likely that these hills were an inspiration for the name of the cemetery. The largest cemetery in Fitchburg, it currently has approximately 60,000 grave sites, and there are currently plans to expand the site over the next 5-7 years according to the <em>Sentinel and Enterprise</em> newspaper. While this cemetery is certainly unique in its own ways, it still represents the traditional values of American burial practices. These values are noticeably different in other cultures, specifically the Old Norse burial practices of the Middle Ages. <br /><br />The Nordic burial mounds found in Jelling, Denmark are a striking example of the differences between the pagan burial rituals of the Norse and the modern American rituals. These two nearly identical mounds are about 70 meters in diameter and 11 meters high. These mounds would be built over the graves of prevalent members of the Norse community and are intricately layered to ensure they would last for centuries. A later addition to the mounds, a runic stone erected by Harald Bluetooth, represents the shift from a pagan society to a Christian one in later years. This site also once contained the first Christian church built in Jelling. This site offers an ideal illustration for the sudden shift in religious ideas and customs for the Norse people. Changing burial practices and other customs are also something that can be seen in the Icelandic sagas. <br /><br />The Icelandic sagas, the lore and founding literature of these people, contains scenes of burial procedures and how these procedures were affected by the shift from paganism to Christianity. This is specifically apparent in <em>Erik the Red's Saga</em>. In chapter 6 of this saga, we see Thorstein who, along with many of his fellow villagers, has succumbed to sickness. He returns from the dead to tell Gurdid, a female villager, that he wishes to be buried with the new Christian rituals. He says to her from beyond the grave, "These [pagan] practices will not do… I want to have my corpse taken to a church" (664). Only after Thorstein and his fellow villagers have been buried in consecrated grounds do their spirits finally rest. This scene represents the shift in religious views as well as burial rituals, something that was important to the Norse people as well as the people of the United States. While there are certainly differences between the customary rituals of medieval Norse culture and modern-day American culture, the value of finding appropriate places to bury our dead remains constant in these societies. This can be seen at the Forest Hill Cemetery in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, as well as at the historical site of Jelling, Denmark.
Bibliography
Dobbins, Elizabeth. “Fitchburg Looks to Expand Forest Hill Cemetery.” <em>Sentinel and Enterprise</em>, 30 Aug. 2017. <br /><br /><span class="TF">"Erik the Red's Saga." <i>The Sagas of Icelanders: A Selection. </i>Edited by Jane Smiley, and Robert Leland Kellogg. Translated by Keneva Kunz. Penguin, New York, 2001. </span><br /><br />Freedom's Way Heritage Association. <em>Fitchburg Reconaissance Report: Freedom's Way Landscape Inventory</em>. 2006, ci.fitchburg.ma.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/482.<br /><br />Galvin, William Francis. “Welcome to MACRIS.” <em>Welcome to MACRIS</em>, mhc-macris.net/. <br /><br />“Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church.” <em>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</em>, whc.unesco.org/en/list/697. <br /><br /><span class="TF"></span>
Photographer(s)
Kisha G. Tracy
Katie Duncan, Student, Fitchburg State University
Catalog Entry Author(s)
Alexander Dewhurst, Student, Fitchburg State University
Research Assistant
Matthew McCann, Student, Fitchburg State University
Research Assistant(s)
<span>Matthew McCann, Student, Fitchburg State University</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Jelling, Denmark - Gorms Høj; Fitchburg, MA - Forest Hill Cemetery
british literature I fall 2017
burial practices
cemetery
denmark
FAMExhibition
fitchburg
grave
hammondexhibition
massachusetts
middle ages fall 2017
photography ii fall 2017
sagas
viking